Automatic Driving Lessons in Leeds
1. Licensing and legal entitlement to drive.
To take driving lessons in the UK, you must be of legal age to drive and have a valid UK / Northern Ireland full or provisional Category B driving licence. It is your legal responsibility to confirm your licence is legal and valid, and to inform your instructor of any changes before driving that may affect your legal status to drive.
Your instructor may ask you to produce a ‘check code’ to validate your licence online initially and at any time on request. You must generate a new code each time of request because a check code can only be used once and only lasts for 21 days before it expires.
If an older style paper licence is held, you must also produce a valid passport as photographic identification and a check code.
Users of non-UK / NI / EU driving licence holders must comply with UK (DVLA & GOV.UK) rules & regulations at all times. The instructor may refuse to accept any driving licence if they cannot be satisfied it is legal or valid for use in the UK.
Users of non-UK / NI / EU driving licences must familiarise themselves with the legal restrictions on driving on use of a non-UK / NI / EU driving licence and restrictions of use due to extended UK residency or visit ("Driving on an International Licence").
Refer to https://www.gov.uk/driving-nongb-licence for more information.
If you are possession of any form of full international license, and if you have been in the UK only for less that 12 months, and if the driving instructor is able to satisfy themselves that your international license is authentic, you may temporarily use this until you acquire a UK provisional license for the purpose of acquiring a full UK license by taking the appropriate driving test. Evidence may be required to show that you have applied for a UK provisional license.
By agreeing these terms & conditions you are agreeing that your driving licence and your residency status complies with these legal requirements, and you must declare to your instructor immediately of any changes that you may have about any non-compliance.
2. Ability to drive.
You must meet the minimum eye test requirements, which means you must be able to read a standard UK approved number plate at a minimum distance of 20.5 metres (67 feet). If you need to wear glasses or contact lenses in order to meet this requirement then you must wear them whenever you drive. You are advised to have your eyesight checked prior to your first driving lesson or as soon as you can after your first driving lesson and again at least 3 months before taking a driving test. You should arrange for your eyesight to be retested at regular intervals, and annually is recommended.
In winter months your vision can be affected by a low bright sun, regardless of use of any eyesight correction, so you are encouraged to acquire sunglasses with good UV filters and, if necessary, prescription spectacles with UV filters suitable for driving in sunny weather. Prescription spectacles that change opacity with the available light are not recommended for driving.
The use of fashion sunglasses (without UV filters) are not of any benefit.
You must not be under the influence of drugs / alcohol during your training or be suffering from emotional trauma, stress or a lack of sleep. In the event of there being any signs of drugs / alcohol misuse, your instructor will withhold the use of the training vehicle for use of tuition or driving test until you are in a legal and fit state to drive, and may terminate lessons forthwith.
If you require to use medications to assist you with a short-term medical issue, such as if you are suffering from hay fever and need to take a antihistamine, you should consult the pharmacist (not a sales assistant) and inform your driving instructor of what you are taking, when you last took medication in relation to the time of your lesson and how you feel.
For any ongoing health conditions or if you take prescribed medication that may affect your ability to drive safely, any health conditions or regular medications you take must be declared to the instructor prior to taking any driving lessons and, if necessary, also to the DVLA medical board if they are on the list of reportable conditions.
Refer to https://www.gov.uk/driving-medical-conditions for guidelines.
If your medical circumstances change, such that there is a requirement in law to declare these to the DVLA medical branch, you must declare these and temporarily withdraw from driving until such times as DVLA medical branch have reached a decision regarding your circumstances unless advised otherwise by same. If you are in any doubt about any medical issues, seek advise from the instructor prior to booking your lessons.
If you become pregnant, you must let your instructor know about this immediately. If you wish to book a driving test while pregnant or become pregnant after booking a driving test, you must notify DVSA about your pregnancy without delay.
3. Changes in status, or temporarily unable to have lessons.
You must notify your instructor immediately of any change of your ability to drive, for example if your driving licence is revoked or for any other reason.
If you become unwell, please let your driving instructor know as soon as possible and avoid late cancellations. If you think you might recover in time for your lesson, it is better to have spoken to your driving instructor in advance rather than to cancel without any warning on the day. Late cancellation of your lesson may incur charges.
If you have to cancel your lessons for a short-term gap, that is perfectly acceptable to do, but the regular lesson slot which you may have used may not be held for you when you wish to resume lessons. If you know when you wish to restart and would like to restart on a particular regular lesson slot, let your instructor know as soon as possible and every effort will be made to preserve that slot for you.
4. Payments for your driving lessons.
Driving lessons must be paid for in car on the day by cash. If you intend paying in cash on the day of your lesson and you do not have sufficient cash with you, tell your instructor at the start of the lesson, so that a cash point can be located. An additional charge will be made if the lesson goes overtime to visit a cash point.
Payments are accepted in advance using online banking or credit card (extra service charges apply). If your online payment has not been received in advance of the lesson, you will be required to pay in cash for your driving lesson.
Block payment using online banking by an amount agreed in advance which may include a small discount. Block payment discounts only apply on weekday lessons.
Payment by cheque is now no longer accepted.
5. Practical Driving Tests (adequate preparation and what to expect).
As your driving test appointment approaches, your instructor may ask you to perform a number of ‘mock tests’ in order to assess and verify that you are ready to take the test and, importantly, to prepare you for the driving test format, particularly useful if you have not taken a driving test before.
Mock Tests help to identify any issues with your driving that need to be improved.
Your instructor will advise you if they feel you are ready for the practical driving test, and also if there are specific practice points that you need to work on or if you are not quite ready to take the practical driving test yet and must defer your test appointment.
Sometimes people ask for advice about driving test nerves - if you feel that you may suffer from driving test nerves, please ask your instructor for advice well in advance. It is very unlikely that taking any action immediately and independently on or just before the day of the test will help and in fact is more likely to be counter-productive.
Mock Tests can help you understand if you might be nervous when tested.
If your instructor advises you that the driving test appointment must be deferred, this is based upon years of experience and professional opinion concerning safety for yourself, your well-being, the safety of the examiner, all other road users, and they will offer supporting evidence to justify the recommendation.
The instructor will not prevent you from taking the practical driving test, but reserves the right to withhold the use of their time and vehicle if it is their opinion that you are not both fully safe and ready to take the test. This will be communicated to you clearly.
DVSA guidelines do not allow for a learner driver to take a practical test just for the experience.
On the day of a practical driving test a minimum of a 2 hour fee is payable for the instructor’s time (in addition to the DVSA test fee, which has already been paid). This will cover commuting time, there and back, a brief "warm up" drive and the time taken for the test itself, including feedback at the end.
A driving test appointment will always take precedence over an arranged lesson.
6. Cancellations & late attendance policy.
Your instructor cannot be held responsible for lessons or practical driving tests that have to be postponed due to bad weather, their own illness or unexpected mechanical breakdown of the vehicle. Your instructor will endeavour to arrive on time however, due to unforeseen circumstances such as breakdown, accidents, traffic delays etc, lesson times may need to change or even be cancelled. If your lesson is cancelled by your instructor, no fee will be taken, and an alternative chargeable lesson will be offered.
If you need to cancel a lesson, a minimum of 24 hours' notice must be given for a one hour lesson and 48 hours for a two hour lesson. You must ensure that your instructor has received your notice of cancellation, as, for example, text messages are not a guaranteed form of communication. It is recommended that you speak to your instructor, but if you cannot do that, be sure to ask for and obtain a response from your instructor.
Failure to give reasonable notice will result in the lesson(s) being due at full cost.
Your instructor will arrive at the pre-arranged pick up point and time. If you do not show up, the instructor will wait 10 minutes and try make contact with you. After a further 5 minutes your instructor will leave and you will have to pay for the lesson in full, except if an exceptional reason can later be proven, whereupon another lesson may be booked, subject to availability.
Failure to pay for missed lessons may result in cancellation of your driving course.
7. Use of tuition vehicle – safety (tuition and driving test).
Should you fail to reach a satisfactory standard of driving and you are likely to be danger to other road users, or are in an unfit condition through lack of sleep, illness, substance (eg drugs) or alcohol abuse as described above, the driving instructor has a responsibility to the public and driving test examiners to withdraw the use of the training vehicle for the purpose of driver training lessons or a driving test. This is in the interest of safety for you, your instructor and / or the driving test examiner, other passengers and any other road users, and is a precautionary measure.
DVSA guidelines do not allow for a learner driver to take a practical test just for the experience.
Driving test candidates expect to feel nervous on the day of their test, which is fully understandable. Some candidates resort to using recognised medications and herbal remedies - it is important to check that these treatments do not cause drowsiness and it is encouraged that people planning to use such remedies try them out several times, first of all in a non-driving setting at home, and then, if considered safe, in a driving environment, but to try this in a controlled way, well in advance and in full knowledge of the instructor.
If you wish to use remedies to counteract any driving test nerves, do experiment with them well in advance to understand how they might work for you.
8. Driving Test cancellation cost liabilities.
No responsibility can be taken by the driving instructor for tests cancelled by the DVSA for whatever reason. DVSA have a compensation scheme to ensure you are not out of pocket. Time-related fees will still have to be paid to the instructor as normal, but may be claimed back from DVSA in compensation. The examiner or instructor will explain how this works.
You must accept responsibility if you cannot take your driving test because you fail the eyesight test. It is a good idea to have your eyesight checked regularly by a qualified optician, at least annually.
You should have an eyesight test 3 months before taking your driving test.
Your driving instructor is responsible for, and liable to you for a retest fee, if your driving test is cancelled due to a faulty condition of the tuition vehicle or a problem with the driving instructor, such as illness. If you have pre-paid any fees for the driving test for time and use of vehicle, these will be carried forward to the new test or refunded in full.
9. Learner drivers on motorways.
From 4th June 2018 a change in law permits qualified driving instructors with a vehicle fitted with dual controls and insured for the purposes of driving tuition to take their students onto motorways. Your driving instructor reserves the right to make a reasonable decision to allow or refuse this form of tuition until such time as you are regarded as sufficiently capable to undertake this form of driving. As driving on motorways is not part of the driving test, this form of tuition does not need to be covered in your driver training.
NB The new law only provides for learner drivers to experience motorway driving with a qualified and DVSA approved driving instructor (ADI), in a vehicle equipped with dual controls, and does not provide for learner drivers to be accompanied by any other drivers, eg family or friends.
10. Standards of practice.
Your driving instructor will provide a fully maintained, roadworthy vehicle suitably adapted with dual controls and fully insured for driving tuition and driving tests.
Your driving instructor will at all times behave in a professional manner, treat you with respect and consideration and give you instruction to the best of their ability.
Your driving instructor will refrain from any form of physical contact, unless necessary for the purposes of training, and only then with your expressed agreement, except on rare occasions when, in an emergency, your driving instructor has to make a physical intervention in order to prevent or minimise risk of danger of collision with another road user or physical entity.
Your driving instructor will maintain standards of appearance to a level commensurate with learning, best described as "smart casual". The use of water and some sweets is encouraged. The tuition vehicle is a strictly no smoking environment, but if you smoke, you may request to stop the lesson to smoke if you find this necessary. It is perfectly acceptable to ask to do this, and if you need a comfort break for any other reasons, please ask. You are requested not to chew gum as you may be asked to dispose of it.
11. Refunds.
In the event of any reason that your driving lessons cannot continue for whatever reason, a refund of any unused amount in cash held in your account will be refunded to your account upon request and all driving lessons will be cancelled. If you have paid for a practical driving test that was booked on your behalf, upon request the driving test booking will be cancelled and, once the refund has been received from DVSA, the fee will also be refunded in the same manner.
12. Data Protection.
Smart Driver Academy (SDA) is a sole trader company registered with the Information Commissioners Office (ICO) for the purposes of holding and managing client records, and taking photographic images / audio recordings (such as those captured on a dash cam) for the purposes of training and keeping records of driving lessons and training outcomes. After the training has been completed, other than a record of a client’s name, address and telephone number, and records of lessons and payments for accounts (for financial accountancy purposes), all data will be removed from the management systems held by the company. SDA only retains records on a management system with robust password controls. In accordance with The EU “General Data Protection Regulation” (GDPR), which supersedes “The UK Data Protection Act 1998” on 25th May 2018, and in accordance with GDPR, SDA will from this date obtain consent from all clients (present and future) to retain personal records for the purposes of training and accountancy. SDA does not undertake any marketing.
13. Review of Terms & Conditions.
These terms and conditions are, as a minimum, reviewed annually. They are subject to ad-hoc variations which will be explained by the instructor if changes are significant.
Date of Last Review: 17th November 2024
To take driving lessons in the UK, you must be of legal age to drive and have a valid UK / Northern Ireland full or provisional Category B driving licence. It is your legal responsibility to confirm your licence is legal and valid, and to inform your instructor of any changes before driving that may affect your legal status to drive.
Your instructor may ask you to produce a ‘check code’ to validate your licence online initially and at any time on request. You must generate a new code each time of request because a check code can only be used once and only lasts for 21 days before it expires.
If an older style paper licence is held, you must also produce a valid passport as photographic identification and a check code.
Users of non-UK / NI / EU driving licence holders must comply with UK (DVLA & GOV.UK) rules & regulations at all times. The instructor may refuse to accept any driving licence if they cannot be satisfied it is legal or valid for use in the UK.
Users of non-UK / NI / EU driving licences must familiarise themselves with the legal restrictions on driving on use of a non-UK / NI / EU driving licence and restrictions of use due to extended UK residency or visit ("Driving on an International Licence").
Refer to https://www.gov.uk/driving-nongb-licence for more information.
If you are possession of any form of full international license, and if you have been in the UK only for less that 12 months, and if the driving instructor is able to satisfy themselves that your international license is authentic, you may temporarily use this until you acquire a UK provisional license for the purpose of acquiring a full UK license by taking the appropriate driving test. Evidence may be required to show that you have applied for a UK provisional license.
By agreeing these terms & conditions you are agreeing that your driving licence and your residency status complies with these legal requirements, and you must declare to your instructor immediately of any changes that you may have about any non-compliance.
2. Ability to drive.
You must meet the minimum eye test requirements, which means you must be able to read a standard UK approved number plate at a minimum distance of 20.5 metres (67 feet). If you need to wear glasses or contact lenses in order to meet this requirement then you must wear them whenever you drive. You are advised to have your eyesight checked prior to your first driving lesson or as soon as you can after your first driving lesson and again at least 3 months before taking a driving test. You should arrange for your eyesight to be retested at regular intervals, and annually is recommended.
In winter months your vision can be affected by a low bright sun, regardless of use of any eyesight correction, so you are encouraged to acquire sunglasses with good UV filters and, if necessary, prescription spectacles with UV filters suitable for driving in sunny weather. Prescription spectacles that change opacity with the available light are not recommended for driving.
The use of fashion sunglasses (without UV filters) are not of any benefit.
You must not be under the influence of drugs / alcohol during your training or be suffering from emotional trauma, stress or a lack of sleep. In the event of there being any signs of drugs / alcohol misuse, your instructor will withhold the use of the training vehicle for use of tuition or driving test until you are in a legal and fit state to drive, and may terminate lessons forthwith.
If you require to use medications to assist you with a short-term medical issue, such as if you are suffering from hay fever and need to take a antihistamine, you should consult the pharmacist (not a sales assistant) and inform your driving instructor of what you are taking, when you last took medication in relation to the time of your lesson and how you feel.
For any ongoing health conditions or if you take prescribed medication that may affect your ability to drive safely, any health conditions or regular medications you take must be declared to the instructor prior to taking any driving lessons and, if necessary, also to the DVLA medical board if they are on the list of reportable conditions.
Refer to https://www.gov.uk/driving-medical-conditions for guidelines.
If your medical circumstances change, such that there is a requirement in law to declare these to the DVLA medical branch, you must declare these and temporarily withdraw from driving until such times as DVLA medical branch have reached a decision regarding your circumstances unless advised otherwise by same. If you are in any doubt about any medical issues, seek advise from the instructor prior to booking your lessons.
If you become pregnant, you must let your instructor know about this immediately. If you wish to book a driving test while pregnant or become pregnant after booking a driving test, you must notify DVSA about your pregnancy without delay.
3. Changes in status, or temporarily unable to have lessons.
You must notify your instructor immediately of any change of your ability to drive, for example if your driving licence is revoked or for any other reason.
If you become unwell, please let your driving instructor know as soon as possible and avoid late cancellations. If you think you might recover in time for your lesson, it is better to have spoken to your driving instructor in advance rather than to cancel without any warning on the day. Late cancellation of your lesson may incur charges.
If you have to cancel your lessons for a short-term gap, that is perfectly acceptable to do, but the regular lesson slot which you may have used may not be held for you when you wish to resume lessons. If you know when you wish to restart and would like to restart on a particular regular lesson slot, let your instructor know as soon as possible and every effort will be made to preserve that slot for you.
4. Payments for your driving lessons.
Driving lessons must be paid for in car on the day by cash. If you intend paying in cash on the day of your lesson and you do not have sufficient cash with you, tell your instructor at the start of the lesson, so that a cash point can be located. An additional charge will be made if the lesson goes overtime to visit a cash point.
Payments are accepted in advance using online banking or credit card (extra service charges apply). If your online payment has not been received in advance of the lesson, you will be required to pay in cash for your driving lesson.
Block payment using online banking by an amount agreed in advance which may include a small discount. Block payment discounts only apply on weekday lessons.
Payment by cheque is now no longer accepted.
5. Practical Driving Tests (adequate preparation and what to expect).
As your driving test appointment approaches, your instructor may ask you to perform a number of ‘mock tests’ in order to assess and verify that you are ready to take the test and, importantly, to prepare you for the driving test format, particularly useful if you have not taken a driving test before.
Mock Tests help to identify any issues with your driving that need to be improved.
Your instructor will advise you if they feel you are ready for the practical driving test, and also if there are specific practice points that you need to work on or if you are not quite ready to take the practical driving test yet and must defer your test appointment.
Sometimes people ask for advice about driving test nerves - if you feel that you may suffer from driving test nerves, please ask your instructor for advice well in advance. It is very unlikely that taking any action immediately and independently on or just before the day of the test will help and in fact is more likely to be counter-productive.
Mock Tests can help you understand if you might be nervous when tested.
If your instructor advises you that the driving test appointment must be deferred, this is based upon years of experience and professional opinion concerning safety for yourself, your well-being, the safety of the examiner, all other road users, and they will offer supporting evidence to justify the recommendation.
The instructor will not prevent you from taking the practical driving test, but reserves the right to withhold the use of their time and vehicle if it is their opinion that you are not both fully safe and ready to take the test. This will be communicated to you clearly.
DVSA guidelines do not allow for a learner driver to take a practical test just for the experience.
On the day of a practical driving test a minimum of a 2 hour fee is payable for the instructor’s time (in addition to the DVSA test fee, which has already been paid). This will cover commuting time, there and back, a brief "warm up" drive and the time taken for the test itself, including feedback at the end.
A driving test appointment will always take precedence over an arranged lesson.
6. Cancellations & late attendance policy.
Your instructor cannot be held responsible for lessons or practical driving tests that have to be postponed due to bad weather, their own illness or unexpected mechanical breakdown of the vehicle. Your instructor will endeavour to arrive on time however, due to unforeseen circumstances such as breakdown, accidents, traffic delays etc, lesson times may need to change or even be cancelled. If your lesson is cancelled by your instructor, no fee will be taken, and an alternative chargeable lesson will be offered.
If you need to cancel a lesson, a minimum of 24 hours' notice must be given for a one hour lesson and 48 hours for a two hour lesson. You must ensure that your instructor has received your notice of cancellation, as, for example, text messages are not a guaranteed form of communication. It is recommended that you speak to your instructor, but if you cannot do that, be sure to ask for and obtain a response from your instructor.
Failure to give reasonable notice will result in the lesson(s) being due at full cost.
Your instructor will arrive at the pre-arranged pick up point and time. If you do not show up, the instructor will wait 10 minutes and try make contact with you. After a further 5 minutes your instructor will leave and you will have to pay for the lesson in full, except if an exceptional reason can later be proven, whereupon another lesson may be booked, subject to availability.
Failure to pay for missed lessons may result in cancellation of your driving course.
7. Use of tuition vehicle – safety (tuition and driving test).
Should you fail to reach a satisfactory standard of driving and you are likely to be danger to other road users, or are in an unfit condition through lack of sleep, illness, substance (eg drugs) or alcohol abuse as described above, the driving instructor has a responsibility to the public and driving test examiners to withdraw the use of the training vehicle for the purpose of driver training lessons or a driving test. This is in the interest of safety for you, your instructor and / or the driving test examiner, other passengers and any other road users, and is a precautionary measure.
DVSA guidelines do not allow for a learner driver to take a practical test just for the experience.
Driving test candidates expect to feel nervous on the day of their test, which is fully understandable. Some candidates resort to using recognised medications and herbal remedies - it is important to check that these treatments do not cause drowsiness and it is encouraged that people planning to use such remedies try them out several times, first of all in a non-driving setting at home, and then, if considered safe, in a driving environment, but to try this in a controlled way, well in advance and in full knowledge of the instructor.
If you wish to use remedies to counteract any driving test nerves, do experiment with them well in advance to understand how they might work for you.
8. Driving Test cancellation cost liabilities.
No responsibility can be taken by the driving instructor for tests cancelled by the DVSA for whatever reason. DVSA have a compensation scheme to ensure you are not out of pocket. Time-related fees will still have to be paid to the instructor as normal, but may be claimed back from DVSA in compensation. The examiner or instructor will explain how this works.
You must accept responsibility if you cannot take your driving test because you fail the eyesight test. It is a good idea to have your eyesight checked regularly by a qualified optician, at least annually.
You should have an eyesight test 3 months before taking your driving test.
Your driving instructor is responsible for, and liable to you for a retest fee, if your driving test is cancelled due to a faulty condition of the tuition vehicle or a problem with the driving instructor, such as illness. If you have pre-paid any fees for the driving test for time and use of vehicle, these will be carried forward to the new test or refunded in full.
9. Learner drivers on motorways.
From 4th June 2018 a change in law permits qualified driving instructors with a vehicle fitted with dual controls and insured for the purposes of driving tuition to take their students onto motorways. Your driving instructor reserves the right to make a reasonable decision to allow or refuse this form of tuition until such time as you are regarded as sufficiently capable to undertake this form of driving. As driving on motorways is not part of the driving test, this form of tuition does not need to be covered in your driver training.
NB The new law only provides for learner drivers to experience motorway driving with a qualified and DVSA approved driving instructor (ADI), in a vehicle equipped with dual controls, and does not provide for learner drivers to be accompanied by any other drivers, eg family or friends.
10. Standards of practice.
Your driving instructor will provide a fully maintained, roadworthy vehicle suitably adapted with dual controls and fully insured for driving tuition and driving tests.
Your driving instructor will at all times behave in a professional manner, treat you with respect and consideration and give you instruction to the best of their ability.
Your driving instructor will refrain from any form of physical contact, unless necessary for the purposes of training, and only then with your expressed agreement, except on rare occasions when, in an emergency, your driving instructor has to make a physical intervention in order to prevent or minimise risk of danger of collision with another road user or physical entity.
Your driving instructor will maintain standards of appearance to a level commensurate with learning, best described as "smart casual". The use of water and some sweets is encouraged. The tuition vehicle is a strictly no smoking environment, but if you smoke, you may request to stop the lesson to smoke if you find this necessary. It is perfectly acceptable to ask to do this, and if you need a comfort break for any other reasons, please ask. You are requested not to chew gum as you may be asked to dispose of it.
11. Refunds.
In the event of any reason that your driving lessons cannot continue for whatever reason, a refund of any unused amount in cash held in your account will be refunded to your account upon request and all driving lessons will be cancelled. If you have paid for a practical driving test that was booked on your behalf, upon request the driving test booking will be cancelled and, once the refund has been received from DVSA, the fee will also be refunded in the same manner.
12. Data Protection.
Smart Driver Academy (SDA) is a sole trader company registered with the Information Commissioners Office (ICO) for the purposes of holding and managing client records, and taking photographic images / audio recordings (such as those captured on a dash cam) for the purposes of training and keeping records of driving lessons and training outcomes. After the training has been completed, other than a record of a client’s name, address and telephone number, and records of lessons and payments for accounts (for financial accountancy purposes), all data will be removed from the management systems held by the company. SDA only retains records on a management system with robust password controls. In accordance with The EU “General Data Protection Regulation” (GDPR), which supersedes “The UK Data Protection Act 1998” on 25th May 2018, and in accordance with GDPR, SDA will from this date obtain consent from all clients (present and future) to retain personal records for the purposes of training and accountancy. SDA does not undertake any marketing.
13. Review of Terms & Conditions.
These terms and conditions are, as a minimum, reviewed annually. They are subject to ad-hoc variations which will be explained by the instructor if changes are significant.
Date of Last Review: 17th November 2024
Updated 17th November 2024
Reviewed 17th November 2024
Reviewed 17th November 2024
